Total retinal fractal dimension

1. Total retinal fractal dimension lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease in humans (OR=0.62, 95% CI:0.53-0.72).

   “Higher total, arterial and venular D f were associated with lower CVD risk in unadjusted analyses (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.62, 95% CI:0.53-0.72 for total D f”

   Humansmedian follow-up of 5.75 yearsn = 4,781

   Retinal Vasculature, Plasma Metabolites and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

   medRxiv·May 10, 2026Preprint

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