RetiAge

1. RetiAge predicts osteoporosis in humans (HR = 1.12, per SD increment, p = 0.001).

   “higher RetiAGE predicted future osteoporosis onset (hazard ratio, HR = 1.12, per SD increment, p = 0.001)”

   Humansper SD incrementn = 43,938

   Retinal biological age correlates with bone mineral density and fracture risk score and predicts incident osteoporosis

   PLOS digital health·14 May 2026

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1. RetiAge is associated with hip fracture risk score in humans (β = 0.29 per SD increment).

   “Elevated RetiAGE was associated with an increased risk score of major osteoporotic and hip fractures (β coefficients of 0.48 and 0.29, per SD increment, respectively).”

   Humansper SD increment

   Retinal biological age correlates with bone mineral density and fracture risk score and predicts incident osteoporosis

   PLOS digital health·14 May 2026

1. RetiAge is associated with major osteoporotic fracture risk score in humans (β = 0.48 per SD increment).

   “Elevated RetiAGE was associated with an increased risk score of major osteoporotic and hip fractures (β coefficients of 0.48 and 0.29, per SD increment, respectively).”

   Humansper SD increment

   Retinal biological age correlates with bone mineral density and fracture risk score and predicts incident osteoporosis

   PLOS digital health·14 May 2026

1. RetiAge is associated with bone mineral density in humans (all p < 0.05).

   “older RetiAGE was inversely associated with BMD and T-scores in various femoral regions after adjusting for risk factors (all p < 0.05).”

   Humansafter adjusting for risk factorsfemur

   Retinal biological age correlates with bone mineral density and fracture risk score and predicts incident osteoporosis

   PLOS digital health·14 May 2026

1. RetiAge raises the risk of cataract in humans (HR 1.54 (95% CI 1.38 to 1.73)).

   “RetiAge acceleration demonstrated the larger effect size estimates (HR 1.54 (95% CI 1.38 to 1.73))”

   Humanslongitudinal cohort

   Linking accelerated biological ageing to cataract susceptibility: evidence from cross-cohort analysis

   The British journal of ophthalmology·8 May 2026

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1. RetiAge raises the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in humans (HR = 1.60; 95% CI, 1.18-2.19).

   “Participants in the moderate-risk and high-risk tertiles of RetiAGE had significantly lower baseline respiratory function (all p < 0.05) and a higher risk of incident COPD (HR = 1.60; 95% CI, 1.18-2.19)”

   Humans9.8 ± 0.7 yearsn = 45,438

   Predictive Potential of Retina-Based Biological Age in Assessing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Risk

   Clinical & experimental ophthalmology·6 Feb 2025

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