Biomarker responses to exercise-heat stress

1. Warm water immersion has no effect on biomarker responses to exercise-heat stress in humans.

   “there was no day × time interaction for any biomarker (all P > 0.05)”

   Human trialacute exercise-heat stress tests before and after acclimationblood∼40°C; rectal temperature maintained at ∼38.5°C for the final 60 min7 consecutive daysmalesn = 12

   Seven days of warm water immersion modulate baseline fluid-regulatory hormones without altering acute multisystem physiological stress responses in older males

   American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology·30 Jul 2026

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