Social participation and mental health among older adults during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore changes in social participation and mental health among older adults during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan, focusing on the relationship between social engagement and overall well-being. METHODS: A two-wave study design was utilized, collecting data during both the pandemic (September 2021-June 2022) and post-pandemic period (September 2023-June 2024). Statistical analyses included paired t-tests and generalized estimating equations. The study was conducted in Yunlin County, Taiwan. The sample consisted of 345 community-dwelling adults aged 55 years and older residing in rural areas. Social participation was assessed using a 12-item measure. Additional assessments included scales for psychological symptoms, happiness, and quality of life. RESULTS: Older adults exhibited higher levels of social participation and better mental health and quality of life post-pandemic compared to the pandemic period. Significant growth was observed in activities such as voluntary work, cultural participation, and social clubs. Social participation levels were positively associated with psychological well-being and all domains of quality of life after controlling for demographic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of social engagement were significantly associated with better mental health and quality of life scores. This study suggests that social participation is a relevant correlate of mental health and quality of life among older adults.