Multi-Omics Signatures of Organ Clocks in Biological Aging and Disease: A Conceptual Framework for Organ-Specific Aging Clocks

Biological aging reflects the progressive decline in cellular and tissue function. Unlike chronological age, biological age is a more accurate indicator of physiological state. Multi-omics organ clocks have been emerging as promising tools to assess biological aging by integrating genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data. These conceptual frameworks suggest that individual organs may age at different rates, explaining variability in the onset and progression of age-related diseases. However, separate interpretation may overlook the correlation between different omics analyses. A comprehensive, multidimensional analysis is therefore preferred over individual omics for accurate assessment of biological aging. While a comprehensive, multidimensional analysis may provide more holistic insights than single-omics approaches, the practical implementation of multi-omics clocks remains limited in clinical settings due to technical differences across omics platforms and dataset availability. This review evaluates current biological clock approaches and explores strategies for multi-omics integration. By addressing conceptual and methodological gaps, we propose a framework for the development of robust multi-omics aging clocks.