Functional Disability and Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged and Older Couples: A Dyadic Examination of Bidirectional Influences and Temporal Dynamics

ObjectivesThis study examines the bidirectional influences between functional disability and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older couples, emphasizing the temporal dynamics and co-development of partners' experiences.MethodsLongitudinal data were drawn from the Health and Retirement Study (2002-2020), focusing on married couples (N = 4109 couples). Dyadic cross-lagged panel models and latent trajectory analyses were employed.ResultsFunctional disability had a stronger influence on depressive symptoms than the reverse. Spouses' disability trajectories were synchronized with similar baseline levels and rates of change, but synchrony did not predict depressive symptoms. Husbands' disability disproportionately affected wives' mental health compared to the reverse.ConclusionsThe findings elucidate the directionality underlying the relationship between depressive symptoms and functional limitations. Couples' functional disability development was synchronous. Tailored and targeted disability preventive interventions may have mental health benefits for both partners.