Treadmill training

3 papers7 findings

C, W, M, H: cells, worms or flies, mice, humans. Dark: independent labs found the same change there. Light: one lab or one study. Outline: nothing yet.

Labs are independent when their papers share no last author and no institution.

Against: findings that point the other way from most findings on the same outcome.

On aging: the drug’s trials ARN judged to be about aging, of every trial that tests it for any use.

No results posted: trials that ended more than a year ago with no results on ClinicalTrials.gov and no paper in ARN’s record.

Company ties: findings with an author at a company, or from a paper whose competing-interests statement declares ties to one.

2 independent labs in 2 countries

Funders: American Heart Association and others

Human trial1
Animals2

Outcomes

7

Microbiome composition

upin mice1

1 study

Treadmill training improves microbiome composition in mice.
“abundance of beneficial microbial features, including Bacteroides, Muribaculaceae, Parabacteroides, and the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, otherwise depressed by aging, was normalized in Old + ETR mice.”
Animals12 wkmales
Late-in-life treadmill training mitigates gut microbiome imbalances and cardiovascular disease risk in mice
American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology3 Feb 2026

More on Microbiome composition

Trimethylamine n-oxide

downin mice1

1 study

Treadmill training decreases trimethylamine n-oxide in mice.
“elevated trimethylamine (TMA) and TMA N-oxide (TMAO), and heightened inflammatory markers [e.g., interferon (IFN)-γ and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC)], observed in Old vs. Adult mice were lowered in Old + ETR animals.”
Animals12 wkmales
Late-in-life treadmill training mitigates gut microbiome imbalances and cardiovascular disease risk in mice
American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology3 Feb 2026

More on Trimethylamine n-oxide

Cardiovascular function

upin mice1

1 study

Treadmill training improves cardiovascular function in mice.
“systolic function [fractional shortening (FS)], diastolic function (E/A ratio), and overall left-ventricular function [myocardial performance index (MPI)] otherwise depressed in Old vs. Adult mice were normalized in Old + ETR animals.”
Animals12 wkmales
Late-in-life treadmill training mitigates gut microbiome imbalances and cardiovascular disease risk in mice
American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology3 Feb 2026

Exercise capacity

upin mice1

1 study

Treadmill training improves exercise capacity in mice.
“reductions in exercise capacity and soleus muscle citrate synthase activity displayed by Old vs. Adult mice were restored in Old + ETR animals.”
Animals12 wkmales
Late-in-life treadmill training mitigates gut microbiome imbalances and cardiovascular disease risk in mice
American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology3 Feb 2026

UCN2

downin rats1

1 study

Treadmill training decreases UCN2 in rats.
“The Ucn2 mRNA expression detected by RNAscope in situ hybridization in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus was also decreased by both interventions.”
Animalshypothalamic paraventricular nucleus12-weekmales
Treadmill training or caloric restriction delays aging-associated increase in urocortin 2-induced hyperthermia in middle-aged male Wistar rats
Scientific reports17 Dec 2025

Body weight

downin rats1

1 study

Treadmill training decreases body weight in rats.
“Both the training and the caloric restriction lead to weight loss”
Animals12-weekmales
Treadmill training or caloric restriction delays aging-associated increase in urocortin 2-induced hyperthermia in middle-aged male Wistar rats
Scientific reports17 Dec 2025

Urocortin 2-induced hyperthermia

downin rats1

1 study

Treadmill training decreases urocortin 2-induced hyperthermia in rats.
“UCN2-induced hypermetabolism/hyperthermia was diminished by both interventions in both age-groups.”
Animals12-weekmales
Treadmill training or caloric restriction delays aging-associated increase in urocortin 2-induced hyperthermia in middle-aged male Wistar rats
Scientific reports17 Dec 2025

Latest

3 in 12 months

Parkinson's Disease15 Aug

Speed-Variable Treadmill Training Improves Hand Motor Function in Individuals With Parkinson's Disease

Non-randomised trial in 14 peopleParkinson's disease

American Journal of Physiology Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology3 Feb

Late-in-life treadmill training mitigates gut microbiome imbalances and cardiovascular disease risk in mice

Experiments in miceCardiovascular disease

Scientific Reports18 Dec

Treadmill training or caloric restriction delays aging-associated increase in urocortin 2-induced hyperthermia in middle-aged male Wistar rats

Experiments in ratsDietary restriction