Nocturnal VLF

1. Nocturnal VLF predicts MACCE in humans (aHR 1.25, 95% CI 1.10–1.43).

   “Patients with decreased per VLF standard deviation (629.92 ms 2 ) had a higher cumulative risk of MACCEs (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–1.43, P=0.001).”

   Humansprospective cohort undergoing nocturnal Holter monitoring and HSAT3.1 yearsn = 1,925

   Nocturnal Very Low Frequency of Heart Rate Variability Predicts Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Obese Individuals

   AHA Scientific Sessions 2025 abstract·3 Nov 2025

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