Frailty and genetics: linking molecular aging to clinical vulnerability

Aging is a multifactorial process involving cumulative cellular and molecular damage, directly affecting physiological reserve and homeostasis. In this context, frailty emerges as a complex, dynamic, and potentially reversible geriatric syndrome, associated with inflammatory dysregulation, immunosenescence, and genetic alterations. This narrative review presents the most recent findings linking frailty to genetic factors, including genome-wide association studies and specific polymorphisms related to inflammation. The genetic relationship between frailty and various chronic comorbidities is also explored. This genetic perspective provides a promising framework for a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of frailty and highlights new opportunities for individualized interventions.