Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Older Adults in Slovakia: Prevalence, Sociodemographic Determinants, and Health-Related Correlates in a Population-Based Sample

BackgroundLoneliness and social isolation are increasingly recognised as significant public health challenges associated with adverse mental and physical health outcomes in older populations. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of loneliness and social isolation among older adults in Slovakia and to identify the sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with these phenomena.MethodsData were analysed from 664 adults aged 65 years and older participating in a population-based epidemiological study conducted in Slovakia in 2024. Loneliness was assessed using the 3-item UCLA Loneliness Scale, and social isolation was measured using the Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6). Sociodemographic characteristics, health indicators, physical functioning, and physical activity were examined as factors associated with loneliness and social isolation. Binary logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with loneliness and social isolation.ResultsThe prevalence of loneliness was 36.7% and of social isolation 24.5%. Loneliness was associated with lower education, divorced or widowed status, functional limitations, and poorer subjective mental health. Social isolation was associated with being single, lower physical activity, and treatment for mental health disorders. The two outcomes were also significantly associated.ConclusionLoneliness and social isolation affect a substantial proportion of older adults in Slovakia and are shaped by overlapping yet distinct sociodemographic and health-related factors. Their differential patterns of associated factors underscore the importance of distinguishing between these constructs in both research and clinical practice. Targeted public health strategies are needed to promote social participation, subjective mental health, and the ability to live independently.