Early menopause

1. Early menopause is associated with white matter hyperintensity volume in humans (f2 = 0.30).

   Humansspontaneous menopausefemales

   Age at Menopause and Brain Atrophy Among Older Women · JAMA network open · 3 Aug 2026

White matter hyperintensity volume →

1. Early menopause raises the risk of Alzheimer's disease in humans (time ratio = 0.998; 95% CI, 0.997-0.999).

   Humanscohort studyfemalesn = 2,603

   Age at Menopause and Brain Atrophy Among Older Women · JAMA network open · 3 Aug 2026

Alzheimer's disease →

1. Early menopause is associated with episodic memory decline in humans (β = -0.0014).

   Humanscohort studyfemales

   Age at Menopause and Brain Atrophy Among Older Women · JAMA network open · 3 Aug 2026

1. Early menopause is associated with cognitive decline in humans (β = -0.0009 SD per year earlier menopause age).

   Humanscohort studyfemales

   Age at Menopause and Brain Atrophy Among Older Women · JAMA network open · 3 Aug 2026