Smoking + alcohol
Intervention1 paper1 finding
- Humans1
Associations
1Mortality
upin humans1RR 1.89Low certainty
1 study
Mortality
upin humans1RR 1.89Low certainty
Smoking + alcohol raises the risk of mortality in humans (RR 1.89, 95% CI 1.84-1.94).
Humansadjusted for educationmales
Low education linked to tripled premature mortality in India · Nature health · 19 Jun 2026
Latest
1Nature HealthHumans
Low education linked to tripled premature mortality in India
Among non-smoking non-drinkers, adults with no schooling had a mortality rate ratio of 2.76 in men and 2.93 in women compared to higher education.Among non-smoking non-drinkers, adults with no schooling had a mortality rate ratio of 2.76 in men and 2.93 in women compared to higher education.