Combined cognitive reserve Z-score

Combined cognitive reserve Z-score is associated with reversion from frailty to non-frailty in humans (SHR 1.28, 95% CI 1.22–1.33).

“and increased likelihood of reversion (SHR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.22-1.33).”

HumansFrailty at baseline; competing risks analysisMedian follow-up: 6.00 years59.00% womensn = 13,256

Lifelong cognitive reserve as a resilience factor for frailty progression and recovery in later life

BMC geriatrics·16 Jul 2026

Combined cognitive reserve Z-score is associated with development of frailty in humans (SHR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94–0.99).

“a higher cognitive reserve was associated with reduced risk of developing frailty (SHR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.94-0.99)”

HumansOlder adults in China; competing risks analysisMedian follow-up: 6.00 years59.00% womensn = 13,256

Lifelong cognitive reserve as a resilience factor for frailty progression and recovery in later life

BMC geriatrics·16 Jul 2026

Combined cognitive reserve Z-score is associated with recovery from pre-frailty to non-frailty in humans (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03–1.10).

“A greater cognitive reserve increased the likelihood of recovery from pre-frailty to non-frailty (HR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.03-1.10).”

HumansOlder adults in ChinaMedian follow-up: 6.00 years59.00% womensn = 13,256

Lifelong cognitive reserve as a resilience factor for frailty progression and recovery in later life

BMC geriatrics·16 Jul 2026

Combined cognitive reserve Z-score is associated with mortality in humans (HR 0.91–0.97).

“and from all frailty states to death (HR = 0.91-0.97).”

HumansAcross all frailty states in older adults in ChinaMedian follow-up: 6.00 years59.00% womensn = 13,256

Lifelong cognitive reserve as a resilience factor for frailty progression and recovery in later life

BMC geriatrics·16 Jul 2026

Combined cognitive reserve Z-score is associated with progression from pre-frail to frail in humans (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).

“pre-frail to frail (HR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.90-1.00)”

HumansOlder adults in ChinaMedian follow-up: 6.00 years59.00% womensn = 13,256

Lifelong cognitive reserve as a resilience factor for frailty progression and recovery in later life

BMC geriatrics·16 Jul 2026

Combined cognitive reserve Z-score is associated with progression from non-frail to pre-frail in humans (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92–0.98).

“A higher cognitive reserve was associated with lower hazards of progression from non-frail to pre-frail (HR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.92-0.98)”

HumansOlder adults in ChinaMedian follow-up: 6.00 years59.00% womensn = 13,256

Lifelong cognitive reserve as a resilience factor for frailty progression and recovery in later life

BMC geriatrics·16 Jul 2026