Frontiers in Immunology

A neuroimmune-enriched multibiofluid proteomic index associated with cognitive-motor progression in early Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal PPMI cohort study

Cohort study of 521 peopleBiomarkers

Abstract

Progression in early Parkinson's disease (PD) is heterogeneous, motivating transparent biological markers of group-level progression context. We analyzed longitudinal Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) data downloaded on 31 May 2026.

The paper