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Goal switching

Exposure

1 paper1 finding

C, W, M, H: cells, worms or flies, mice, humans. Dark: independent labs found the same change there. Light: one lab or one study. Outline: nothing yet.

Labs are independent when their papers share no last author and no institution.

Against: findings that point the other way from most findings on the same outcome.

On aging: the drug’s trials ARN judged to be about aging, of every trial that tests it for any use.

No results posted: trials that ended more than a year ago with no results on ClinicalTrials.gov and no paper in ARN’s record.

Company ties: findings with an author at a company, or from a paper whose competing-interests statement declares ties to one.

  • 1 lab in 1 country
  • Funders: National Institute of Mental Health and 2 more
  • Humans1

Outcomes

1

Cognitive flexibility

downin humans1

1 study

  1. Goal switching decreases cognitive flexibility in humans.

    “older adults were more likely to undershoot their target control configuration when frequently switching between goals”

    Human trial

    Slower transitions between control states lead to reductions in cognitive flexibility over the lifespan

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology5 Sep 2025Preprint

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