Ethnic enclaves

1. Ethnic enclaves are associated with renal cell carcinoma incidence in humans (IRR 1.21, 95% CI 1.10-1.34; Q1 versus Q5).

   “Less ethnically distinct neighborhoods were associated with higher incidence among Hispanic individuals (Q1 vs. Q5: IRR=1.21; 95% CI, 1.10-1.34)”

   HumansHispanic individuals in CaliforniaQ1 versus Q5; less versus more ethnically distinct neighborhoodsn = 7,507

   Hispanic and Asian American/Pacific Islander ethnic enclave, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and renal cell carcinoma incidence in California

   Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology·13 Oct 2026

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