Multiple malignant primary tumors

1. Sex is associated with multiple malignant primary tumors in dogs (PMR ≈ 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2-1.5).

   “Females showed a modestly higher probability than males (PMR ≈ 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2-1.5).”

   Animalsfemales

   Multiple malignant primary tumors in dogs: an Italian registry-based epidemiological study

   Frontiers in veterinary science·5 May 2026

1. Age raises the risk of multiple malignant primary tumors in dogs (PMR ≈ 7.3, 95% CI: 3.7-14.6).

   “The risk increased progressively with age, peaking in dogs aged ≥12 years (PMR ≈ 7.3, 95% CI: 3.7-14.6).”

   Animals

   Multiple malignant primary tumors in dogs: an Italian registry-based epidemiological study

   Frontiers in veterinary science·5 May 2026

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