Exudative age-related macular degeneration

1. Proton-pump inhibitors have no effect on exudative age-related macular degeneration in humans (sHR 1.03, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.26).

   Humansamong those with non-exudative AMD

   Sustained proton-pump inhibitor exposure and incident age-related macular degeneration: a new-user, population-based cohort study · BMJ open ophthalmology · 23 Sep 2026

Proton-pump inhibitors →

1. Hormone replacement therapy lowers the risk of exudative age-related macular degeneration in humans (RR 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49-0.89).

   Humansat 8 years after HRT initiation8 yearsfemales

   Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Risk of Age-related Macular Degeneration Among an Aggregate Health Record Cohort · Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina · 31 Aug 2026

Hormone replacement therapy →