Within-participant biological variation

1. Carcinoma embryonic antigen increases within-participant biological variation in humans (11.3% (95% CI: 10.2%-12.5%) vs 6.4% (95% CI: 6.0%-6.7%)).

   “CEA had higher CVI (11.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.2%-12.5%) than European data (6.4%, 95% CI: 6.0%-6.7%).”

   Humanshealthybloodn = 45

   Monthly Biological Variation of Five Lung Cancer Markers in Healthy Older Individuals: Evidence from Combined Prospective Cohort and Real-World Data Analyses

   Annals of laboratory medicine·Feb 12, 2026

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