Predicted CVD risk

1. Ozone increases predicted CVD risk in humans (0.58 (0.33-0.83) percentage points per 10 μg/m3).

   Humanseach 10 μg/m3 changebetween 2013 and 2021n = 34,862

   Exploring China's Clean Air Act and associated cardiovascular disease risk: a prospective, quasi-experimental, and causal inference modelling study · The Lancet. Planetary health · 1 Sep 2026

Ozone →

1. PM10 increases predicted CVD risk in humans (1.24 (0.84-1.63) percentage points per 10 μg/m3).

   Humanseach 10 μg/m3 changebetween 2013 and 2021n = 34,862

   Exploring China's Clean Air Act and associated cardiovascular disease risk: a prospective, quasi-experimental, and causal inference modelling study · The Lancet. Planetary health · 1 Sep 2026

PM10 →

1. Pm2.5 increases predicted CVD risk in humans (1.80 (1.34-2.27) percentage points per 10 μg/m3).

   Humanseach 10 μg/m3 changebetween 2013 and 2021n = 34,862

   Exploring China's Clean Air Act and associated cardiovascular disease risk: a prospective, quasi-experimental, and causal inference modelling study · The Lancet. Planetary health · 1 Sep 2026

Pm2.5 →

1. Clean air act decreases predicted CVD risk in humans (-3.95% (95% CI 3.18-4.72%)).

   Humansdifference-in-difference model comparing intervention vs control targetsn = 34,862

   Exploring China's Clean Air Act and associated cardiovascular disease risk: a prospective, quasi-experimental, and causal inference modelling study · The Lancet. Planetary health · 1 Sep 2026

Clean air act →