Estimated cardiorespiratory fitness
Biomarker4 papers6 findings
Human cohorts, including preprints, associate higher estimated cardiorespiratory fitness with lower cardiometabolic multimorbidity risk; a preprint links it to lower chronic lung disease risk. One study links fitness to moderate and low cognitive trajectories in Chinese adults, but not low trajectories in US adults.
- Humans4
Effects
1Low cognitive trajectory
no changein humans1
1 study
Low cognitive trajectory
no changein humans1
Estimated cardiorespiratory fitness has no effect on low cognitive trajectory in humans.
HumansHRS (U.S. middle-aged and older adults)per 1-MET increase
Divergent associations of estimated cardiorespiratory fitness with cognitive trajectories in Chinese and U.S. middle-aged and older adults: A descriptive cross-national comparison from CHARLS and HRS · Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 1 Sep 2026
Associations
4Cardiometabolic multimorbidity
downin humans2HR 0.61
2 studies
Cardiometabolic multimorbidity
downin humans2HR 0.61
Estimated cardiorespiratory fitness lowers the risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in humans (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.58-0.64).
Humansn = 12,944
Estimated cardiorespiratory fitness and incident cardiometabolic multimorbidity: findings from three nationally representative cohorts · medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 14 Sep 2026 · Preprint
Estimated cardiorespiratory fitness lowers the risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in humans (-18.9% (5.8%) per 1-MET).
Humansfully adjustedn = 5,255
Higher estimated cardiorespiratory fitness levels were associated with lower risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: a retrospective cohort study from CHARLS · Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD · 12 Sep 2026
Chronic lung disease
downin humans1HR 0.84
1 study
Chronic lung disease
downin humans1HR 0.84
Estimated cardiorespiratory fitness lowers the risk of chronic lung disease in humans (HR=0.84, 95%CI:0.74-0.95).
Humansin HRS cohorteach 1-SD increasemedian 9.78 yearsn = 3,269
Relationship Between Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Chronic Lung Disease in Older Adults: Results from Two National Cohort Studies · Research Square · 4 Sep 2026 · Preprint
Moderate cognitive trajectory
upin humans1OR 1.1
1 study
Moderate cognitive trajectory
upin humans1OR 1.1
Estimated cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with moderate cognitive trajectory in humans (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03-1.18).
HumansCHARLS (Chinese middle-aged and older adults)per 1-MET increase
Divergent associations of estimated cardiorespiratory fitness with cognitive trajectories in Chinese and U.S. middle-aged and older adults: A descriptive cross-national comparison from CHARLS and HRS · Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 1 Sep 2026
Low cognitive trajectory
upin humans1OR 1.28
1 study
Low cognitive trajectory
upin humans1OR 1.28
Estimated cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with low cognitive trajectory in humans (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.16-1.43).
HumansCHARLS (Chinese middle-aged and older adults)per 1-MET increase
Divergent associations of estimated cardiorespiratory fitness with cognitive trajectories in Chinese and U.S. middle-aged and older adults: A descriptive cross-national comparison from CHARLS and HRS · Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 1 Sep 2026
Latest
9Exercise improves fitness in diabetes with rapid kidney decline
Estimated VO2peak rose from 19.3 to 22.0 mL.min-1.kg-1 with high-intensity training compared with a slight drop from 19.9 to 19.7 in standard…Estimated VO2peak rose from 19.3 to 22.0 mL.min-1.kg-1 with high-intensity training compared with a slight drop from 19.9 to 19.7 in standard recommendations.