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External focus differential learning

Intervention

1 paper3 findings

C, W, M, H: cells, worms or flies, mice, humans. Dark: independent labs found the same change there. Light: one lab or one study. Outline: nothing yet.

Labs are independent when their papers share no last author and no institution.

Against: findings that point the other way from most findings on the same outcome.

On aging: the drug’s trials ARN judged to be about aging, of every trial that tests it for any use.

No results posted: trials that ended more than a year ago with no results on ClinicalTrials.gov and no paper in ARN’s record.

Company ties: findings with an author at a company, or from a paper whose competing-interests statement declares ties to one.

  • 1 lab in 1 country
  • Human trial1

Outcomes

3

Vertical ground reaction force

downin humans1

1 study

  1. External focus differential learning decreases vertical ground reaction force in humans (p < 0.001).

    “The EF-DL demonstrated significant improvements, with increased ankle dorsiflexion angle, decreased knee valgus angle, and lower vertical GRF during SL-DJ (p < 0.001).”

    Human trialrestricted ankle dorsiflexion (<10 degrees)single 30-minute training sessionmalesn = 13

    The effects of different focus cues and motor learning strategies on landing mechanics in male handball players

    Scientific reports1 Sep 2025

Knee valgus angle

downin humans1

1 study

  1. External focus differential learning decreases knee valgus angle in humans (p < 0.001).

    “The EF-DL demonstrated significant improvements, with increased ankle dorsiflexion angle, decreased knee valgus angle, and lower vertical GRF during SL-DJ (p < 0.001).”

    Human trialrestricted ankle dorsiflexion (<10 degrees)single 30-minute training sessionmalesn = 13

    The effects of different focus cues and motor learning strategies on landing mechanics in male handball players

    Scientific reports1 Sep 2025

Ankle dorsiflexion angle

upin humans1

1 study

  1. External focus differential learning increases ankle dorsiflexion angle in humans (p < 0.001).

    “The EF-DL demonstrated significant improvements, with increased ankle dorsiflexion angle, decreased knee valgus angle, and lower vertical GRF during SL-DJ (p < 0.001).”

    Human trialrestricted ankle dorsiflexion (<10 degrees)single 30-minute training sessionmalesn = 13

    The effects of different focus cues and motor learning strategies on landing mechanics in male handball players

    Scientific reports1 Sep 2025

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