Early surgery

1. Early surgery decreases mortality in humans (11.6% vs. 28.0% at 1 year; 36.0% vs. 50.7% at 2 years).

   “the early surgery group had lower 1-year (11.6% vs. 28.0%, p < 0.001) and 2-year (36.0% vs. 50.7%, p = 0.010) postoperative mortality rates”

   Humanship fracture surgery2-year follow-upn = 300

   Impact of Early Surgery on Clinical Outcomes of Super-Aged Patients With Hip Fractures: A Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Study With 2-Year Follow-Up

   Orthopaedic surgery·Feb 10, 2026

2. Early surgery has no effect on mortality in humans.

   “Our findings indicate that early surgery did not reduce the 1-year mortality rate in older patients with hip fractures in Japan.”

   Humanship fracture1 year

   Early surgery within 48 hours of admission for hip fracture did not improve 1-year mortality in Japan: a single-institution cohort study

   Hip international : the journal of clinical and experimental research on hip pathology and therapy·May 21, 2024

3. Early surgery decreases mortality in humans (HR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.36-0.92, p = 0.020).

   “the hazard ratio of 1 year mortality following early surgery remained significantly reduced (HR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.36-0.92, p = 0.020).”

   Humansfragility femoral fractureswithin 48 h of admissionn = 502

   Early surgery improves survival after femoral fractures in the elderly: A retrospective review of 502 fragility fractures

   Injury·Dec 9, 2023

4. Early surgery has no effect on mortality in humans.

   “The investigation showed no significant difference in mortality rate among the two groups treated within 24 h and 24 to 48 h”

   Humansproximal femoral fractureup to 48 hn = 1,796

   Early surgery? In-house mortality after proximal femoral fractures does not increase for surgery up to 48 h after admission

   Aging clinical and experimental research·May 4, 2023

5. Early surgery decreases mortality in humans.

   “Early surgery within 48 and 72 h were significantly associated with a lower intra-hospital and 30-day mortality rate.”

   Humanship fracturewithin 48 and 72 hn = 941

   Should the early surgery threshold be moved to 72 h in over-85 patients with hip fracture? A single-center retrospective evaluation on 941 patients

   Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery·Jul 5, 2022

1. Early surgery increases serum albumin in humans (33.4 (31.6, 35.4) vs. 32.6 (30.7, 34.9)).

   “The serum albumin level at discharge in the early surgery group was higher (33.4 (31.6, 35.4) vs. 32.6 (30.7, 34.9), p = 0.039)”

   Humanship fracture surgeryn = 300

   Impact of Early Surgery on Clinical Outcomes of Super-Aged Patients With Hip Fractures: A Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Study With 2-Year Follow-Up

   Orthopaedic surgery·Feb 10, 2026

More on Serum albumin

1. Early surgery decreases delirium in humans (14.0% vs. 36.0%).

   “lower incidences of postoperative pneumonia (15.3% vs. 29.3%, p = 0.004) and delirium (14.0% vs. 36.0%, p < 0.001)”

   Humanship fracture surgeryn = 300

   Impact of Early Surgery on Clinical Outcomes of Super-Aged Patients With Hip Fractures: A Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Study With 2-Year Follow-Up

   Orthopaedic surgery·Feb 10, 2026

More on Delirium

1. Early surgery decreases pneumonia in humans (15.3% vs. 29.3%).

   “lower incidences of postoperative pneumonia (15.3% vs. 29.3%, p = 0.004) and delirium (14.0% vs. 36.0%, p < 0.001)”

   Humanship fracture surgeryn = 300

   Impact of Early Surgery on Clinical Outcomes of Super-Aged Patients With Hip Fractures: A Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Study With 2-Year Follow-Up

   Orthopaedic surgery·Feb 10, 2026

More on Pneumonia

1. Early surgery improves 1-year survival rate in humans (60.5% vs 51.2%, p = 0.031).

   “Patients who underwent surgery within 48 hours had a higher 1-year survival rate (60.5%) compared to those with delayed surgery (51.2%), p = 0.031.”

   Humansgeriatric hip fracturewithin 48 hours

   The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on One-Year Mortality in Geriatric Hip Fracture: A Retrospective Cohort Study

   Geriatric orthopaedic surgery & rehabilitation·Aug 13, 2024

1. Early surgery decreases acute-care ward stay in humans (P < 0.01).

   “the early group had shorter waiting times for surgery (P < 0.01) and shorter stays in acute-care wards (P < 0.01)”

   Humanship fracture

   Early surgery within 48 hours of admission for hip fracture did not improve 1-year mortality in Japan: a single-institution cohort study

   Hip international : the journal of clinical and experimental research on hip pathology and therapy·May 21, 2024

1. Early surgery has no effect on in-hospital mortality in humans.

   “However there were no differences in the total hospital stay, Barthel index at discharge, home discharge rates, in-hospital mortality rates, and 1-year mortality.”

   Humanship fracture

   Early surgery within 48 hours of admission for hip fracture did not improve 1-year mortality in Japan: a single-institution cohort study

   Hip international : the journal of clinical and experimental research on hip pathology and therapy·May 21, 2024

1. Early surgery lowers the risk of mortality in humans.

   “Furthermore, an injury-to-surgery time of less than 2 days improved patient survival”

   Humansin elderly patients with fragile intertrochanteric fractures

   Predictors for 1-year mortality in geriatric patients following fragile intertrochanteric fracture surgery

   Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research·Oct 30, 2024

2. Early surgery lowers the risk of mortality in humans (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.82–0.91).

   “RR of mortality at 30 days comparing time to surgery < 24 hours with > 24 hours was 0.86 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.91”

   Reviewnon-pathological primary proximal femoral fractures treated surgically

   The association between surgical fixation of hip fractures within 24 hours and mortality : a systematic review and meta-analysis

   The bone & joint journal·Jul 1, 2021