Dual use
Intervention1 paper1 finding
- Humans1
Associations
1Chronic disease
upin humans1Low certainty
1 study
Chronic disease
upin humans1Low certainty
Dual use raises the risk of chronic disease in humans (aOR 2.35, 95% CI 1.59-3.45).
Humanscompared with never users
Heterogeneous associations between cigarette and e-cigarette use patterns and chronic disease burden: A population-based study · Journal of epidemiology and population health · 22 Sep 2026
Funding
National Cancer InstituteUS$855.8kNational Institute on Drug AbuseUS$668.2k2 grants since 2024
National Cancer InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin-madisonUS$855.8k2024–2029
National Institute on Drug AbuseMedical University of South CarolinaUS$668.2k2024–2029
Latest
1Journal of Epidemiology and Population HealthHumans