Concurrent DR and DKD

1. PhenoAge raises the risk of concurrent DR and DKD in humans (RR 3.24, 1.56-6.76).

   “highest tertile of baseline PhenoAge acceleration had higher risks of incident DR (RR 1.56, 95% CI 1.10-2.23), DKD (RR 1.30, 1.10-1.54), and concurrent DR and DKD (RR 3.24, 1.56-6.76)”

   HumansT2DM, highest vs lowest tertile of baseline PhenoAge acceleration

   Biological aging and the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study

   Diabetes research and clinical practice·Jul 8, 2026

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