Z-Effective

1. Z-Effective is associated with DXA bone mineral density in humans (ρ = 0.652).

   “Z-Effective functioned as a robust biomarker, maintaining significant positive linear correlations across both the proximal femur (ρ = 0.652; p ≤ 0.001)”

   Humanspostmenopausalproximal femurfemalesn = 60

   Site-Specific Material Decomposition Versus Universal Z-Effective: Optimizing Opportunistic Bone Mineral Density Screening via Dual-Energy CT

   Journal of Imaging·1 Oct 2026

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