Three-dimensional fractal dimension

Sex is associated with three-dimensional fractal dimension in humans.

“D3D was the most sensitive trabecular microarchitecture parameter, consistently detecting sex-related differences across age group of 50 to 69 years.”

Humanswithout systemic diseasesL1 vertebra

Vertebral trabecular microarchitecture changes in the normally ageing population

Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery·11 Dec 2025