Relative brain age

1. Type 2 diabetes is associated with relative brain age in humans.

   “Uncontrolled diabetes was associated with the highest RBA, exceeding both controlled diabetes and non‐diabetic groups (Figure 1b).”

   Humansuncontrolled diabetesbrain

   Investigating the Association of Frailty Score and Diabetes with Relative Brain Age : Insights from the UK Biobank · AAIC 2025 abstract · 26 Dec 2025

Type 2 diabetes →

1. HbA1c is associated with relative brain age in humans (explaining 28.1% of variance).

   “Higher HbA1c levels and frailty scores were associated with elevated RBA, explaining 28.1% and 5.2% of variance, respectively.”

   Humansbrain

   Investigating the Association of Frailty Score and Diabetes with Relative Brain Age : Insights from the UK Biobank · AAIC 2025 abstract · 26 Dec 2025

HbA1c →

1. Cardiovascular Health Study frailty phenotype is associated with relative brain age in humans (explaining 5.2% of variance).

   “Higher HbA1c levels and frailty scores were associated with elevated RBA, explaining 28.1% and 5.2% of variance, respectively.”

   Humansbrain

   Investigating the Association of Frailty Score and Diabetes with Relative Brain Age : Insights from the UK Biobank · AAIC 2025 abstract · 26 Dec 2025

Cardiovascular Health Study frailty phenotype →