Low serum sodium and chloride

2 findings

“experienced 1.3 to 1.7-fold higher rates of HF events and mortality compared to patients with ≥ Q2Na+/ ≥ Q2Cl−.”

Serum sodium and chloride interplay and the effect of empagliflozin in heart failure: an EMPEROR-Pooled analysisClinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society2026doi:10.1007/s00392-026-03047-6

Associations

Mortality

upin humans1

1 study

Low serum sodium and chloride is associated with mortality in humans (1.3 to 1.7-fold higher rates of HF events and mortality).
“experienced 1.3 to 1.7-fold higher rates of HF events and mortality compared to patients with ≥ Q2Na+/ ≥ Q2Cl−.”
HumansAmbulatory heart failure; sodium <140 mmol/L and chloride <99 mmol/L versus both in quintiles 2–5
Lower blood chloride linked to worse heart failure outcomes
Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac SocietyNov 5, 2026

Heart failure events

upin humans1

1 study

Low serum sodium and chloride is associated with heart failure events in humans (1.3 to 1.7-fold higher rates of HF events and mortality).
“experienced 1.3 to 1.7-fold higher rates of HF events and mortality compared to patients with ≥ Q2Na+/ ≥ Q2Cl−.”
HumansAmbulatory heart failure; sodium <140 mmol/L and chloride <99 mmol/L versus both in quintiles 2–5
Lower blood chloride linked to worse heart failure outcomes
Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac SocietyNov 5, 2026