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Self-referencing

Intervention

1 paper2 findings

C, W, M, H: cells, worms or flies, mice, humans. Dark: independent labs found the same change there. Light: one lab or one study. Outline: nothing yet.

Labs are independent when their papers share no last author and no institution.

Against: findings that point the other way from most findings on the same outcome.

On aging: the drug’s trials ARN judged to be about aging, of every trial that tests it for any use.

No results posted: trials that ended more than a year ago with no results on ClinicalTrials.gov and no paper in ARN’s record.

Company ties: findings with an author at a company, or from a paper whose competing-interests statement declares ties to one.

  • 1 lab in 1 country
  • Humans1

Outcomes

2

Source memory

upin humans1

1 study

  1. Self-referencing improves source memory in humans.

    “A self-referencing effect for source memory was identified but was limited to positive words.”

    Human trialfor positive words

    The self and friend reference effects in episodic memory are maintained in older adults

    Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition2 Sep 2025

Recognition memory

upin humans1

1 study

  1. Self-referencing improves recognition memory in humans.

    “Both young and older adults exhibited a self-reference effect, outperforming friend- and celebrity-referenced conditions.”

    Human trial

    The self and friend reference effects in episodic memory are maintained in older adults

    Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition2 Sep 2025

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