Oral oestrogen therapy

1. Oral oestrogen therapy raises the risk of myocardial infarction in humans (HR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.3).

   Humanscompared with no current usealone or combined with progestinfemales

   Contemporary menopausal hormone therapy and thrombotic disease: nationwide nested case-control study · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 23 Sep 2026

Myocardial infarction →

1. Oral oestrogen therapy raises the risk of ischaemic stroke in humans (HR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.4).

   Humanscompared with no current usealone or combined with progestinfemales

   Contemporary menopausal hormone therapy and thrombotic disease: nationwide nested case-control study · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 23 Sep 2026

Ischaemic stroke →

1. Oral oestrogen therapy raises the risk of venous thromboembolism in humans (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.5 to 1.8).

   Humanscompared with no current usealone or combined with progestinfemales

   Contemporary menopausal hormone therapy and thrombotic disease: nationwide nested case-control study · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 23 Sep 2026

Venous thromboembolism →