COVID-19 hospitalization or death

1. GDF-15 mediates COVID-19 hospitalization or death in humans (28% mediated).

   “GDF15, which is produced in response to metabolic stress and has been found to induce immune tolerance in response to chronic inflammation, mediated 28% of the TNFR1-related COVID-19 health risk”

   Humansn = 40,638

   Evidence for an energetic trade-off model linking inflammaging and immunosenescence in the US Health and Retirement Study and UK Biobank

   bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·17 Oct 2025Preprint

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1. TNFR1 mediates COVID-19 hospitalization or death in humans (16% mediated).

   “TNFR1 also mediated 16% of the age-related increased risk of hospitalization or death from COVID-19 in the UKB (n = 522 hospitalized or died, full sample n = 40,638).”

   Humansn = 40,638

   Evidence for an energetic trade-off model linking inflammaging and immunosenescence in the US Health and Retirement Study and UK Biobank

   bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·17 Oct 2025Preprint

More on TNFR1