Frontiers in Physiology · Mar 11, 2026

Combined inspiratory muscle and lower limb resistance training enhances cardiopulmonary function in military personnel

By Ma X, Zhu H, Tao J et al.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of combining inspiratory muscle resistance training (IMT) with lower limb resistance training on cardiopulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength in military academy cadets. METHODS: Sixty non-commissioned officer cadets (aged 18-22 years) from the Army Engineering University were recruited and randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). Both groups underwent a 12-week intervention including baseline aerobic running. The control group performed IMT alone, while the experimental group performed IMT combined with specific lower limb resistance exercises. Respiratory muscle strength (MIP, MEP), cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) metrics, and static pulmonary function were assessed pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS: Following the 12-week intervention, both groups showed significant improvements in respiratory muscle strength and cardiopulmonary function. Notably, the experimental group exhibited significantly greater enhancements in maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) compared to the control group (P < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in static pulmonary function indices (SVC, FVC, FEV₁, MVV) for either group, likely due to the participants' high baseline fitness. CONCLUSION: While IMT is effective for improving respiratory efficiency, its combination with lower limb resistance training yields synergistic effects, leading to superior improvements in VO₂max and inspiratory muscle strength. This combined modality offers a scientifically grounded strategy to optimize the physical readiness and combat capability of military personnel.

doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1766008 Open access PubMed 41889792 Interventions