Revista Científica Vale · Oct 31, 2026
Brain aging and cognitive decline: risk factors, prevention strategies, and promotion of neurological health
By Oliveira CP, GOMES PG
INTRODUCTION: Brain aging is a natural process that involves structural and functional changes capable of influencing cognitive performance. However, modifiable factors may contribute to cognitive decline and increase the risk of developing dementias. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the main risk factors associated with brain aging and cognitive decline, highlighting strategies for prevention and promotion of neurological health. METHODS: This is a qualitative, descriptive literature review based on the analysis of scientific articles, literature reviews, and institutional documents related to the topic. Publications on cognitive changes, neurodegenerative diseases, lifestyle habits, and preventive interventions were considered. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Findings from the literature show that hypertension, diabetes mellitus, physical inactivity, poor diet, smoking, social isolation, depression, and untreated hearing loss are associated with the risk of cognitive decline. In contrast, regular physical activity, a balanced diet, control of chronic diseases, cognitive stimulation, and maintenance of social ties may contribute to the preservation of brain health. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary follow-up are also essential. CONCLUSIONS: Preventing cognitive decline requires an integrated, continuous, and individualized approach involving healthy habits, clinical follow-up, and public policies that support active aging, autonomy, and quality of life in the older population.