European Journal Pharmaceutical and Medical Research · May 2026
EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE AFTER MENOPAUS:: BONE DEMINERALIZATION AND ROLE OF NUTRITION & HOMEOPATHIC MANAGEMENT
By Dwivedi* DAK
Menopause is a physiological transition characterized by a decline in ovarian hormones—primarily estrogen and progesterone. This hormonal deficiency significantly impacts bone metabolism, leading to decreased bone mineral density (BMD), osteopenia, osteoporosis, and generalized musculoskeletal pain in women above 50 years of age. This paper reviews the pathophysiology of hormone-related bone demineralization, highlights the role of essential nutrients (iron, protein, calcium, vitamin C), and explores homeopathic therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis, osteopenia, and generalized body pain.