Frontiers in Natural Products · Jul 29, 2026
Bioactive constituents of Hericium erinaceus: extraction strategies, health benefits and food applications
By Gurung V, Sagar NA, Rani N
Hericium erinaceus ( H. erinaceus ), better known as Lion’s Mane mushroom, is an edible and medicinal fungus that has been an integral part of traditional Asian medicine practices. Even today, it is recognized for its benefits in mental health, digestion, and overall vitality. This review discusses the nutritional value, bioactive substances (primarily erinacines and hericenones), their extraction and numerous pharmacological activities. H. erinaceus is mainly composed of polysaccharides (chiefly β-glucans), terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and sterols, which exhibit a wide range of activities such as neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory effects. According to preclinical research, the fungus protects against amyloid beta toxicity, reduces oxidative stress, modulates the gut-brain axis, promotes neurogenesis, and slows down mechanisms linked to neurodegenerative diseases. It also plays a role in the synthesis of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A limited number of human trials have been conducted, with promising results in cognitive function, mood, and mild cognitive impairment in the elderly, particularly with erinacine A-rich mycelia. Additional benefits are attributed to improved gut health, decreased inflammation, and potential anti-cancer activity. However, there are still significant gaps in the scientific literature, such as the need for larger, standardized, multicenter clinical trials, better dose response data, and improved extraction standardization so extraction is consistent for bioavailability. The majority of the evidence comes from in vitro and animal work. Additionally, extraction techniques vary greatly in terms of general uniformity, efficiency, and reproducibility. Then, even with a promising bioactive potential, there are several obstacles to overcome before it can be developed into a food product that is both safe and effective and that customers will really accept. The objective of this review is to critically compile the available data regarding the bioactive components, novel extraction techniques, health advantages, and current and potential food uses of H. erinaceus .