Polo Del Conocimiento · Oct 29, 2026
Physiological, cognitive, and socioaffective effects of aging: physical exercise as a comprehensive strategy for healthy aging
By Arias EYZ, Gaona AJM, Erráez JCP
Aging involves progressive changes in physiological systems, cognitive function, and the socioaffective domain that can compromise the autonomy and quality of life of older adults. The objective of this article was to analyze the main changes associated with aging and examine physical exercise as a nonpharmacological strategy for comprehensive intervention. A documentary review of scientific literature published between 2020 and 2026 was conducted, focusing on cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and neurocognitive changes, as well as anxiety, depression, mobility, and exercise prescription. The analysis shows that physical inactivity is associated with greater functional decline, whereas structured exercise programs, especially multicomponent programs, promote strength, aerobic capacity, balance, mobility, and various indicators of cognitive and emotional well-being. Likewise, the evidence reviewed describes mechanisms associated with improved endothelial function, metabolic regulation, neuroplasticity, and inflammatory modulation. It is concluded that individualized exercise planning using frequency, intensity, time, and type criteria constitutes a relevant alternative for promoting functioning and independence during aging. Longitudinal studies and a more precise description of training loads are needed to strengthen the transfer of findings to community programs.