Frontiers in Network Physiology · Oct 7, 2026

Complexity of plantar flexor torque and gait covaries in older adults: a network physiology approach to neuromuscular aging

By Bauer P, Gomes JS, Marques T et al.

INTRODUCTION: Falls are a leading cause of injury, disability, and loss of independence in older adults, and are closely linked to age-related declines in neuromuscular function. Underlying these declines is a loss of physiological complexity, reflected in more predictable and repetitive temporal structures (i.e., decreased entropy) of motor output. Within a network physiology framework, this loss of complexity may manifest as reduced network dimensionality. It may also be consistent with an increased co-variation between motor outputs in different tasks. Therefore, the present study examined the relationship between the complexity of plantar flexor torque and gait in young and older adults. METHODS: Thirty-eight healthy older adults and forty-six healthy young adults participated in a single laboratory session. Plantar flexor torque and gait were assessed in separate tasks: submaximal isometric contractions and continuous treadmill walking, respectively. Complexity was inferred from sample entropy, which quantifies the temporal structure of both signals. RESULTS: A positive Bayesian correlation between torque and gait complexity was observed in older adults (τ = 0.245, BF₁₀ = 3.985). In contrast, an absence of such correlation was found in young adults (τ = -0.079, BF₁₀ = 0.257). The Bayesian comparison of the two correlations revealed a stronger association between gait and torque in older adults compared to young adults (Δτ = 0.324, BF₁₀ = 3.456). DISCUSSION: These findings are consistent with, but do not directly demonstrate, an age-related loss of dimensionality in the neuromuscular network, in which motor outputs that vary independently in young adults co-vary in older adults. By identifying plantar-flexor torque complexity as a potential modifiable factor that is associated with gait complexity in older adults, these results motivate longitudinal work testing whether interventions that target torque control, such as resistance training, can elicit corresponding improvements in gait and thereby reduce fall risk.

doi.org/10.3389/fnetp.2026.1947848Open accessPubMed 42908557Mechanisms