Biomarkers of aging mechanisms

OBJECTIVE: To systematize current knowledge on biomarkers of fundamental aging mechanisms, their reference and target values for practical application in longevity medicine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of scientific literature on 14 key aging mechanisms according to the modern gerontological concept, including genomic instability, telomere shortening, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, impaired macroautophagy, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, chronic inflammation, microbiome dysbiosis, extracellular matrix stiffness and barrier dysfunction, as well as circadian rhythm disruption. RESULTS: A comprehensive system of 30+biomarkers with detailed reference and target values is presented. Key biomarkers include: urinary 8-OHdG (target values<5.0 ng/mg creatinine), leukocyte telomere length (target >6000 base pairs), N7-methylguanine (<6-7 μg/g creatinine), dityrosine (≤10-12 μmol/mol creatinine), p62 and Beclin-1 for autophagy assessment, HOMA-IR (<1.5), IGF-1 (100-150 ng/ml), mitochondrial markers, senescence-associated β-galactosidase (<3% positive cells), inflammatory cytokines, microbiome-associated markers, and circadian biomarkers. CONCLUSION: The developed biomarker panel provides a scientifically grounded foundation for personalized assessment of aging rate and correction of age-associated changes, requiring regular monitoring every 3-6 months for effective interpretation of biomarker dynamics.