The American Journal of Medicine · Sep 23, 2025

Clinical frailty scale refines prognosis in acute pulmonary embolism beyond traditional risk scores

By Sinclair De Frias J, Velo A, Rehman A et al.

BACKGROUND: The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) risk class and Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI) score can predict outcomes of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. However, whether the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) improves risk prediction in acute pulmonary embolism remains uncertain. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients aged ≥ 50 years with acute pulmonary embolism managed by the Pulmonary Embolism Response Team (PERT) at three hospitals within the Mount Sinai Health System (New York, NY) from January 2020 to June 2024. Frailty was defined as CFS > 4. Multivariable regression assessed association between outcomes (mortality, bleeding, 30-day readmission and hospital length of stay and risk scores (ESC, PESI and CFS). RESULTS: Among 291 patients (median age: 69 years; 153 female), 99 (34.0%) were frail. Frailty was associated with higher odds of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 2.50), 30-day mortality (OR: 2.39), 30-day readmission (OR: 1.77) and longer length of stay (incidence rate ratio: 1.21). Incorporating CFS to models with ESC and PESI score improved prediction for 30-day mortality (net reclassification improvement [NRI]: 8.2%), 30-day major bleeding (NRI: 29.3%) and 30-day readmission (NRI: 29.3%). CONCLUSION: Frailty was independently associated with adverse outcomes in acute pulmonary embolism. Incorporating CFS improved the predictive performance of existing scores in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2025.09.011PubMed 40998188Biomarkers