Myokines and osteokines in aging-related degenerative diseases: Regulatory networks in the muscle-bone-brain axis

This review summarizes the biological properties of key myokines (Irisin, Apelin, CLCF1, and Myostatin) and osteokines (Osteocalcin, Sclerostin, FGF23 and the RANKL/OPG system). This work provides an in-depth analysis of the age-related network imbalance mechanism characterized by "downregulation of protective factors (Irisin, CLCF1, and uncarboxylated Osteocalcin) - upregulation of pro-degenerative factors (Myostatin, Sclerostin, and FGF23) - inflammation-driven amplification", and reveals the mechanism by which this network imbalance contributes to the comorbidity of sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the review evaluates the intersecting regulatory networks and molecular pathways through which myo-osteogenic factors modulate neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NGF and GDNF), and proposes intervention strategies based on these intersecting regulatory networks.