Journal of Chemical Health Risks · Jul 18, 2026
Endocrine Aspects of Aging: Hormonal Dysregulation, Sarcopenia and Metabolic Vulnerability
By Aleksandra E
As we grow older, our bodies undergo gradual changes in hormone balance that affect how much fat and muscle we have, how well our muscles work together, how well we maintain glucose levels, and how likely we are to develop many chronic conditions. Hormones such as growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), testosterone, estrogen, thyroid hormones, cortisol, and insulin lose their ability to stimulate muscle repair and regeneration when they are produced less often or are not regulated properly. This decrease in the amount of hormones produced, coupled with changes in the way that the body responds to these hormones, contributes to sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), decreased ability to perform physical tasks, decreased ability to utilize glucose properly, and increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. These hormonal changes also work together to create an environment in the body that supports the development of chronic low-grade inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and altered body composition over time. All of these components contribute to a faster rate of decline in functional ability and increased risk of frailty in older adults. Through advances in our understanding of endocrinology, we have gained insight into the molecular mechanism by which hormonal changes with age affect skeletal muscle and metabolic disorders. The use of biomarkers for hormones, muscle metabolism, and inflammation will allow for the early identification of individuals at risk for age-related health complications. Also, using these same biomarkers will allow for a better personalized and tailored approach to prevention strategies. Examples of modern prevention strategies for preserving muscle mass and metabolic health include improved nutrition, resistance training, addressing hormonal imbalances, targeted medications, and comprehensive lifestyle changes. https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v16.i4.15494