RECIMUNDO · Apr 6, 2026

Frailty syndrome: early identification and diagnostic criteria in older adults

By Zambrano JAV, Basurto JPC, Vélez RXV

Frailty syndrome represents one of the most complex and significant challenges in contemporary geriatric medicine, defined as a state of increased biological vulnerability to stressors resulting from a cumulative decline in multiple physiological systems. The present research comprehensively analyzes the current landscape of frailty, addressing topics ranging from its molecular foundations to clinical implementation strategies in primary and hospital care. The two predominant theoretical models are explored in depth: Fried's physical phenotype, centered on energy and muscle decline, and Rockwood's Frailty Index, based on the multidimensional accumulation of deficits. Results from recent studies indicate that, although both models are valid predictors of mortality, the Frailty Index demonstrates superior sensitivity in capturing clinical complexity and predicting long-term adverse outcomes. The effectiveness of rapid screening tools such as the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), the FRAIL scale, and the PRISMA-7 questionnaire is also evaluated, highlighting their usefulness in the early identification of individuals at risk. The research also delves into the emerging role of biomarkers such as GDF-15 and neurofilament light chain, which hold promise for making diagnosis objective. It is concluded that early detection, through comprehensive geriatric assessment and the use of validated scales, is essential for implementing reversible interventions centered on multicomponent exercise and nutritional optimization, which are fundamental to preserving autonomy in older adults.

doi.org/10.26820/recimundo/10.(2).abril.2026.537-547Open accessBiomarkers