International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance · Jul 10, 2026
A Retrospective Study: Impact of Müllerian Anomalies on Pregnancy Course and Outcomes
By Kumari S, Chanchal C, Kumari P
Background: Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) is a common but underdiagnosed condition resulting from estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women, significantly affecting quality of life. Aim: To assess the prevalence, clinical features, and severity of GSM among postmenopausal women attending a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 90 postmenopausal women attending the gynecology outpatient department of JNKTMCH, Madhepura, Bihar, from March 2025 to October 2025. GSM was diagnosed based on ISSWSH and NAMS criteria using symptom assessment and clinical examination. Severity and quality-of-life impact were evaluated using the Day-to-Day Impact of Vaginal Ageing (DIVA) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27.0. Results: The majority of participants were aged 50–59 years. Vaginal dryness was the most common symptom (77.8%), followed by vaginal itching (50%) and urinary discomfort (33.3%). Clinical signs included vaginal dryness (72.2%) and pale, thin epithelium (66.7%). Moderate GSM was observed in 44.4% of women, while 22.2% had severe GSM. Conclusion: GSM is highly prevalent among postmenopausal women, with moderate severity being most common and significant impact on quality of life. Early recognition and appropriate management are essential.