PLACENTUM Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Dan Aplikasinya · Aug 15, 2026

A Two-Factor Model of Functional Independence Among Community-Dwelling Indonesian Older Adults: Evidence from Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

By Sudaryanto WT, Rahman F, Wicaksono RN

Background: Despite the widespread use of functional independence measures in geriatric assessment, evidence regarding their underlying factor structure among Indonesian older adults remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and validate the factor structure of functional independence among Indonesian older adults using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Methods: The measurement items were derived from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI 2023) dataset. These items were adapted from domains of the Barthel Index and were intended to assess functional independence among 95,552 older adults. EFA was initially conducted using the principal-factor method with varimax rotation. Factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0 were retained, and items with factor loadings of at least 0.40 were considered acceptable. Subsequently, CFA was performed to assess the construct validity of the identified factor structure. Results: The EFA results identified a two-factor structure consisting of 10 indicators, explaining 74.55% of the total variance. Factor 1, Basic Activities of Daily Living (ADL), comprised eight indicators and accounted for 52.59% of the variance. Factor 2, Continence Control, comprised two indicators and accounted for 21.96% of the variance. CFA demonstrated an acceptable model fit (RMSEA= 0.070, CFI= 0.975, TLI= 0.967, SRMR= 0.019, and CD= 98.7%), with Cronbach's alpha values= 0.92. Conclusion: The two-factor model supports the conceptualization of functional independence as a multidimensional construct comprising both basic activities of daily living and continence control. The validated instrument may be useful for geriatric assessment, public health surveillance, and community-based services aimed at identifying older adults at risk of functional decline

doi.org/10.20961/placentum.v14i2.121977 Open access Biomarkers