T-cell dysfunction in HIV-positive men with HPV infection or HPV-associated disease: A scoping review of evidence in MSM and heterosexual men

This scoping review aims to map and synthesize existing evidence on T‑cell dysfunction in HIV‑positive men with HPV infection or HPV‑associated disease, focusing on both men who have sex with men (MSM) and heterosexual men. The review explores how HIV‑HPV coinfection influences immune dysregulation, including T‑cell depletion, activation, exhaustion, senescence, and immune checkpoint expression. Key immunological markers, such as CD4 and CD8 counts, CD4/CD8 ratio, PD‑1, CTLA‑4, TIM‑3, LAG‑3, TIGIT, HLA‑DR/CD38 expression, and cytokine profiles, will be examined to identify patterns of dysfunction and potential management implications. Primary empirical studies published in English will be included, with no date restrictions. The review will exclude non‑human studies, reviews, editorials, commentaries, protocols, and conference abstracts lacking full data. Findings will be synthesized narratively to highlight preventive, immunotherapeutic, and management insights, as well as gaps in care and research across global contexts.